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International Journal of Drug Development and Research

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- (2013) Volume 5, Issue 4

Contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, radical scavenging and anticaries activity of leaf and seed extract of Anisomeles indica Linn

Syed Junaid 1, Dileep N 1, Rakesh K.N 1, Prashith Kekuda T.R 1, Raghavendra H.L 2*
  1. Department of Microbiology, SRNMN College of Applied Sciences, NES Campus, Balraj Urs Road, Shivamogga-577201, Karnataka, India
  2. College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Corresponding Author: Raghavendra H L E-mail: raghu_hl@rediffmail.com
Date of Submission: 22-09-2013 Date of Acceptance: 09-10-2013 Conflict of Interest: NIL Source of Support: NONE
Copyright: © 2013 Raghavendra H L et al, publisher and licensee IYPF. This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract

The present study was carried out to determine the radical scavenging and anticaries activity of methanol extract of leaf and seed of Anisomeles indica Linn. (Lamiaceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid content of leaf and seed extract were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau Reagent method and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method respectively. Radical scavenging activity of different concentrations of leaf and seed extracts was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anticaries activity of leaf and seed extracts was performed against six clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans by Agar well diffusion assay. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids were higher in leaf extract when compared to seed extract. Both the extracts scavenged DPPH radical in a dose dependent manner. Leaf extract was more efficient in scavenging radicals (IC50 2.70μg/ml) than seed extract (IC50 8.18μg/ml). Similarly, leaf extract inhibited S. mutans isolates to higher extent than seed extract. A marked radical scavenging and anticaries activity of leaf and seed extract of A. indica was observed in this study. Leaf extract was more efficient in scavenging DPPH radicals and inhibiting the S. mutans isolates. The high phenolic and flavonoid content of leaf extract might be attributed to higher radical scavenging and antibacterial activity.

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  3. 3) Sutha S, Mohan VR, Kumaresan S, Murugan C, Athiperumalasami T. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu for the treatment of rheumatism. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2010; 9(3): 502-509
  4.  4) Yadava RN, Barsainya D. Chemistry and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Anisomeles indica (L). Ancient Science of Life 1998; 18(1): 1-4
  5. 5) Usher YV, Tatiya AU, Surana SJ, Patil UK. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis and antibacterial activity of essential oil from aerial parts and roots of Anisomeles indica Linn. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2010; 4: 98-101
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  8. 8) Kundu A, Saha S, Walia S, Kour C. Antioxidant and antifungal properties of the essential oil of Anisomeles indica from India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2013; 7(24): 1774-1779
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  12. 12) Alam SM, Quader MA, Rashid MA. HIV-inhibitory diterpenoid from Anisomeles indica. Fitoterapia 2000; 71(5): 574-576
  13. 13) Chen Y, Lan Y, Hsieh P, Wu C, Chen S, Yen C, Chang F, Hung W, Wu Y. Bioactive Cembrane Diterpenoids of Anisomeles indica. Journal of Natural Products 2008; 71(7): 1207-1212
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  17. 17) Dasgupta N, De B. Antioxidant activity of Piper betle L. leaf extract in vitro. Food Chemistry 2004; 88: 219-224 18) Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005; 53: 1841- 1856
  18. 19) Chung Y, Chien C, Teng K, Chou S. Antioxidative and mutagenic properties of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb & zucc. Food Chemistry 2006; 97: 418-425
  19. 20) Coruh N, Celep AGS, Ozgokce F, Iscan M. Antioxidant capacities of Gundelia tournefortii L. extracts and inhibition on glutathione-Stransferase activity. Food Chemistry 2007; 100: 1249-1253
  20. 21) Ardestani A, Yazdanparast R. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Achillea santolina extracts. Food Chemistry 2007; 104: 21– 29
  21. 22) Kekuda PTR, Vinayaka KS, Swathi D, Suchitha Y, Venugopal TM, Mallikarjun N. Mineral Composition, Total Phenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of a Macrolichen Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale (Parmeliaceae). E-Journal of Chemistry 2011; 8(4): 1886-1894
  22. 23) Rekha C, Poornima G, Manasa M, Abhipsa V, Devi PJ, Kumar VHT, Kekuda PTR. Ascorbic Acid, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of fresh juices of four ripe and unripe Citrus fruits. Chemical Science Transactions 2012; 1(2): 303- 310
  23. 24) Junaid S, Rakesh KN, Dileep N, Poornima G, Kekuda PTR, Mukunda S. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of seed extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa L. Chemical Science Transactions 2013; 2(1): 75-80
  24. 25) Chua LS, Latiff NA, Lee SY, Lee CT, Sarmidi MR, Aziz RA. Flavonoids and phenolic acids from Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah). Food Chemistry 2011; 127: 1186-1192
  25. 26) Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Janming W. The determination of flavonoids contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry 1999; 64: 555-559
  26. 27) Penarrieta JM, Alvarado JA, Bergenstahl B, Akesson B. Spectrophotometric methods for the measurement of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids in foods. Revista Boliviana De Quimica 2007; 24(1): 5-9
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Keywords:

Anisomeles indica, Dental caries, Streptococcus mutans, DPPH, Phenolics, Flavonoids.

INTRODUCTION

Anisomeles indica Linn. belonging to the family Lamiaceae is a medicinal plant being used ethnomedicinally in various parts of the world [1,2,3]. Crude extracts, essential oils and purified compounds from various parts of the plant such as roots, leaves and flowers have shown to possess marked biological activities such as antimicrobial [4-8], attenuation of inflammation [7], analgesic [10], anti-inflammatory [11], antiviral [12], antiplatelet aggregation activity [13] and others. In the present study, we have estimated the content of total phenolics and flavonoids and evaluated radical scavenging and anticaries activity of methanol extract of leaves and seeds of A. indica.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and identification of plant material

The plant A. indica was collected from the outskirts of Shivamogga city and identified by Dr. Vinayaka K.S, Lecturer, Dept. of Botany, Indira Gandhi Government College, Sagara-577401, Karnataka, India. The leaves and seeds were dried and powdered.

Extraction

The powdered leaves and seeds were subjected to soxhlet extraction and extracted with methanol (HiMedia, Mumbai). The extracts were then filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and concentrated in vacuum under reduced pressure and dried in the desiccator [14].

Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of leaf and seed extract

The TPC of leaf and seed extract was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (FCR) method. A dilute concentration of extract (0.5 ml) was mixed with 0.5 ml of FC reagent (1:1) and 2 ml of sodium carbonate (7%). The reaction mixtures were allowed to stand for 30 minutes and the optical density was measured colorimetrically at 765nm. A standard curve was plotted using different concentrations of Gallic acid (standard, 0-1000 μg/ml) and the TPC of extracts was expressed as μg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE) from the graph [14].

Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of leaf and seed extract

The flavonoid content of leaf and seed extract was estimated by Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. A dilute concentration of extract (0.5ml) was mixed with 0.5ml of methanol, 4ml of water, 0.3ml of NaNO2 (5%) and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. After incubation, 0.3ml of AlCl3 (10%) was added and again incubated at room temperature for 6 minutes. 2ml of 1M NaOH and 2.4ml of distilled water were added and the absorbance was measured against blank (without extract) at 510nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A calibration curve was constructed using different concentrations of Catechin (standard, 0-120μg/ml) and the TFC of extracts was expressed as μg Catechin equivalents (CE) from the graph [14].

1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of leaf and seed extract

The radical scavenging ability of leaf and seed extract was tested on the basis of the radical scavenging effect on the DPPH free radical. Briefly, 2 ml of different concentrations of leaf and seed extract was mixed with 2 ml of DPPH solution (0.004% in methanol) in separate tubes. The tubes were incubated at room temperature in dark for 30 minutes and the optical density was measured at 517 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorbance of the DPPH control was also noted. Ascorbic acid was used as reference standard. The scavenging activity of the extracts was calculated using the formula: Scavenging activity (%) = [(Ao - Ae) / Ao] x 100, where Ao is absorbance of DPPH control and Ae is absorbance of DPPH and extract/standard combination [14]. The IC50 value for each of the extracts was calculated. IC50 denotes the concentration of extract required to scavenge 50% of free radicals.

Anticaries activity of leaf and seed extract

Inhibitory effect of leaf and seed extract was evaluated against a panel of six isolates of Streptococcus mutans recovered from dental caries patients by Agar well diffusion assay [15]. The bacterial isolates were maintained on sterile Brain heart infusion agar (HiMedia, Mumbai) slants were inoculated into sterile Brain heart infusion broth (HiMedia, Mumbai) tubes and incubated overnight at 37oC. The broth cultures were aseptically swabbed on sterile Brain heart infusion agar plates using sterile cotton swabs. Using a sterile cork borer, wells of 6 mm diameter were punched in the inoculated plates and 100μl of leaf and seed extract (25mg/ml of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), standard (Streptomycin, 1mg/ml) and DMSO (10%) were transferred into respectively labeled wells. The plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours and the zones of inhibition formed around the wells were measured.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Polyphenolic compounds from various parts of the plants are the most effective antioxidative constituents. It is important to estimate phenolic contents of extracts of plants in order to assess their contribution to antioxidant activity [16]. In the present study, total phenolic content of leaf and seed extract was estimated by FCR method. Leaf extract was found to contain more phenolic content than seed extract (Table 1). The method is one of the oldest and widely used colorimetric techniques for the estimation of total phenolics of a variety of samples including plant extracts. Phenolic compounds reacts with FCR under basic conditions (adjusted by sodium carbonate solution to pH 10) to form blue complex having maximum absorption near 750nm. Though the chemical nature of FCR is undefined, the total phenols estimation by FCR is convenient, simple, and reproducible. As a result, a large data has been accumulated, and it has become a routine assay in studying the phenolic antioxidants [14,17-24]. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds accounting for majority of secondary metabolites of plants. These compounds have shown to possess remarkable health promoting effects mainly antioxidant activity [25]. In this study, we estimated flavonoid content in leaf and seed extract of A. indica by aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method. Flavonoids content was found to be higher in leaf extract when compared to seed extract (Table 1). Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation is a widely used method to estimate flavonoid content of plant extracts [26-28]. Total flavonoid contents can be estimated by reaction with sodium nitrite, followed by the development of colored flavonoid-aluminium complex formation using aluminium chloride in alkaline condition which can be monitored spectrophotometrically at wavelength of 510 nm [28].

DPPH free radical scavenging activity of leaf and seed extract

Antioxidants are substances that inhibits or delay oxidative damage when present in small quantities compared to an oxidizable substrate. Antioxidants effectively quench free radicals or inhibit damage caused by them and thus help in disease prevention. Endogenous antioxidants (ascorbic acid, vitamin E and others) act as primary defense system protecting against oxidative damage. However, in pathophysiological conditions, there is an extra need for antioxidants from exogenous sources such as food and medicinal plants [29]. In the present study, we evaluated antioxidant activity of leaf and seed extract of A. indica by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. DPPH is a stable organic nitrogen centred free radical having maximum absorption at 517nm in methanolic solution. On accepting an electron or hydrogen atom, this radical becomes a stable diamagnetic molecule [30]. The assay of DPPH free radical scavenging is one of the most widely used in vitro assays for determining the radical scavenging effect of various kinds of samples including plant extracts. In the presence of an extract/compound with hydrogen atom donating capacity, the free radical nature of DPPH is lost and its color (purple) changes to yellow (diphenylpicrylhydrazine) [14,16,17,20,22-24,30-33]. In this study, a decrease in DPPH absorption in the presence of varying concentrations of leaf and seed extracts was monitored at 517nm and the result is shown in Figure 1. Both the extracts showed dose dependent scavenging of DPPH free radicals. Among extracts, scavenging potential was greater in leaf extract (IC50 2.70 μg/ml) than seed extract (IC50 8.18 μg/ml). The scavenging effect of ascorbic acid (IC50 2.27μg/ml) was higher than that of leaf and seed extracts. A positive correlation was observed between the total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts and the radical scavenging activity. Leaf extract contained high total phenolics and flavonoids and displayed marked scavenging potential. The result obtained is in justification with earlier studies where extracts/plants containing high phenolics displayed high scavenging potential [14,20,23,33-36]. Although the scavenging abilities of extracts were lesser than that of ascorbic acid, it was evident that the extracts possess hydrogen donating ability and therefore the extracts could serve as free radical scavengers, acting possibly as primary antioxidants [19].

Anticaries activity of leaf and seed extract

Oral diseases viz., dental caries, periodontal diseases and teeth loss influence greatly the human health. Dental caries is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases affecting people of all age groups throughout the world and is caused by the interaction among oral microflora, diet, dentition and oral environment. This chronic disease affects 60-90% of young population. Microorganisms such as mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Actinomyces have been implicated in causing dental caries. Among these, Streptococcus mutans is considered to be the main aetiological agent. The cariogenic ability of this pathogen is attributed to its ability to metabolize dietary carbohydrates, to adhere to tooth surfaces and to form biofilm on tooth surfaces [37-40]. The cost of synthetic antimicrobials, their possible side effects and the development of resistance in caries causing bacteria stimulated researchers to screen a variety of plants for developing novel antimicrobials with anticaries activity [15,41-43]. In the present study, we have determined anticaries activity of methanolic extract of leaf and seed extract of A. indica against six clinical isolates of S. mutans recovered from dental caries subjects and the result is shown in Table 2. Both the extracts were effective in inhibiting the clinical isolates of S. mutans. Leaf extract was more effective against the bacterial isolates (zones of inhibition 2.3 to 3.0cm) than seed extract (zones of inhibition 1.6 to 2.3cm). However, the inhibitory effect of extracts was lesser when compared to standard antibiotic. DMSO did not cause inhibition of cariogenic isolates.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, a marked radical scavenging and anticaries activity of leaf and seed extract of A. indica was observed. Leaf extract was more effective in scavenging free radicals and inhibiting clinical isolates of S. mutans when compared to seed extract and the potential of leaf extract might be attributed to the high phenolic and flavonoid content.

Figures at a glance

Figure 1
Figure 1

 

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References

  1. 1) Alagesaboopathi C. Ethnomedicinal plants and their utilization by villagers in Kumaragiri hills of Salem district of Tamilnadu, India. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 2009; 6(3): 222-227
  2. 2) Kunwar RM, Shrestha KP, Bussmann RW. Traditional herbal medicine in Far-west Nepal: a pharmacological appraisal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2010; 6: 35
  3. 3) Sutha S, Mohan VR, Kumaresan S, Murugan C, Athiperumalasami T. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu for the treatment of rheumatism. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2010; 9(3): 502-509
  4.  4) Yadava RN, Barsainya D. Chemistry and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Anisomeles indica (L). Ancient Science of Life 1998; 18(1): 1-4
  5. 5) Usher YV, Tatiya AU, Surana SJ, Patil UK. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis and antibacterial activity of essential oil from aerial parts and roots of Anisomeles indica Linn. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2010; 4: 98-101
  6. 6) Rao YK, Lien H, Lin Y, Hsu Y, Yeh C, Chen C, Lai C, Tzeng Y. Antibacterial activities of Anisomeles indica constituents and their inhibition effect on Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric epithelial cells. Food Chemistry 2012; 132: 780-787
  7. 7) Lien HM, Wang CY, Chang HY, Huang CL, Peng MT, Sing YT, Chen CC, Lai CH. Bioevaluation of Anisomeles indica extracts and their inhibitory effects on Helicobacter pylori-mediated inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2013; 145(1): 397-401
  8. 8) Kundu A, Saha S, Walia S, Kour C. Antioxidant and antifungal properties of the essential oil of Anisomeles indica from India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2013; 7(24): 1774-1779
  9. 9) Huang H, Lien H, Ke H, Chang L, Chen C, Chang T. Antioxidative Characteristics of Anisomeles indica Extract and Inhibitory Effect of Ovatodiolide on Melanogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2012; 13: 6220-6235
  10. 10) Dharmasiri MG, Ratnasooriya WD, Thabrew MI. Water extract of leaves and stems of preflowering but not flowering plants of Anisomeles indica possesses analgesic and antihyperalgesic activities in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology 2003; 41(1): 37-44
  11. 11) Rao YK, Fang SH, Hsieh SC, Yeh TH, Tzeng YM. The constituents of Anisomeles indica and their antiinflammatory activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2009; 121(2): 292-296
  12. 12) Alam SM, Quader MA, Rashid MA. HIV-inhibitory diterpenoid from Anisomeles indica. Fitoterapia 2000; 71(5): 574-576
  13. 13) Chen Y, Lan Y, Hsieh P, Wu C, Chen S, Yen C, Chang F, Hung W, Wu Y. Bioactive Cembrane Diterpenoids of Anisomeles indica. Journal of Natural Products 2008; 71(7): 1207-1212
  14. 14) Kekuda TRP, Rakesh KN, Dileep N, Junaid S, Pavithra GM, Gunaga SS, Megha VH and Raghavendra HL. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity of Anaphalis lawii (Hook.f.) Gamble. Science Technology and Arts Research Journal 1(3); 2012: 8-16
  15. 15) Junaid S, Dileep N, Rakesh KN, Pavithra Gm, Vinayaka KS, Kekuda PTR. Anticariogenic activity of Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg, Pothos scandens L. and Elaegnus kologa Schlecht. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2013; 3(3): 20- 23
  16. 16) Choi Y, Jeong H, Lee J. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from some grains consumed in Korea. Food Chemistry 2007; 103: 130-138
  17. 17) Dasgupta N, De B. Antioxidant activity of Piper betle L. leaf extract in vitro. Food Chemistry 2004; 88: 219-224 18) Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005; 53: 1841- 1856
  18. 19) Chung Y, Chien C, Teng K, Chou S. Antioxidative and mutagenic properties of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb & zucc. Food Chemistry 2006; 97: 418-425
  19. 20) Coruh N, Celep AGS, Ozgokce F, Iscan M. Antioxidant capacities of Gundelia tournefortii L. extracts and inhibition on glutathione-Stransferase activity. Food Chemistry 2007; 100: 1249-1253
  20. 21) Ardestani A, Yazdanparast R. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Achillea santolina extracts. Food Chemistry 2007; 104: 21– 29
  21. 22) Kekuda PTR, Vinayaka KS, Swathi D, Suchitha Y, Venugopal TM, Mallikarjun N. Mineral Composition, Total Phenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of a Macrolichen Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale (Parmeliaceae). E-Journal of Chemistry 2011; 8(4): 1886-1894
  22. 23) Rekha C, Poornima G, Manasa M, Abhipsa V, Devi PJ, Kumar VHT, Kekuda PTR. Ascorbic Acid, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of fresh juices of four ripe and unripe Citrus fruits. Chemical Science Transactions 2012; 1(2): 303- 310
  23. 24) Junaid S, Rakesh KN, Dileep N, Poornima G, Kekuda PTR, Mukunda S. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of seed extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa L. Chemical Science Transactions 2013; 2(1): 75-80
  24. 25) Chua LS, Latiff NA, Lee SY, Lee CT, Sarmidi MR, Aziz RA. Flavonoids and phenolic acids from Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah). Food Chemistry 2011; 127: 1186-1192
  25. 26) Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Janming W. The determination of flavonoids contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry 1999; 64: 555-559
  26. 27) Penarrieta JM, Alvarado JA, Bergenstahl B, Akesson B. Spectrophotometric methods for the measurement of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids in foods. Revista Boliviana De Quimica 2007; 24(1): 5-9
  27. 28) Rohman A, Riyanto S, Yuniarti N, Saputra WR, Utami R, Mulatsih W. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavaonoid of extracts and fractions of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam). International Food Research Journal 2010; 17: 97- 106
  28. 29) Chatterjee S, Poduval TB, Tilak JC, Devasagayam TPA. A modified, economic, sensitive method for measuring total antioxidant capacities of human plasma and natural compounds using Indian saffron (Crocus sativus). Clinica Chimica Acta 2005; 352: 155-163
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