- (2014) Volume 6, Issue 4
| Susanta Kumar Rout*, Durga Madhab Kar, Laxmidhar Maharana Siksha O Anusandhan deemed to be University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Dist: Khurda, Odisha, India. Pin - 751003 |
| Corresponding Author: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, At: Kalinga Nagar, PO: Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Dist: Khurda, Odisha, India. Pin – 752003 E-mail: susanta.rout81@gmail.com susanta_rout@rediffmail.com |
| Date of Submission: 16-12-2014 Date of Acceptance: 29-12-2014 Conflict of Interest: NIL Source of Support: NONE |
| Copyright: © 2014 Susanta Kumar Rout et al, publisher and licensee IYPF. This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Related article at Pubmed, Scholar Google |
AIM: To investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound healing activities of different fractions of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Nerium Oleander Linn . METHODS: Antimicrobial activities were carried out by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) through disc diffusion methods and MBC, the wound healing studies were carried out using ether anaesthetized rats in two different wound models Incision and Excision at two different concentrations(5% and 10%w/w). The free radical scavenging activity was studied in vitro by measuring DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide scavengering activity, Superoxide free radical (O2) and Nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging activity with reference to standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. RESULTS: The test compounds like crude methanolic extract (both concentrations) and different fractions like chloroform, methanol and ethyl acetate Significantly increase in tensile strength and the rate of wound contraction compared to the control and nitrofurazone. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated against seven microorganisms namely. E. faecalis, S. aureus, A. baumannii, E. coli, P.merabilis, P.aeruginosa, showed significant activity with MIC and MBC respectively. Different fungal strains like C.albicans and A.niger are not inhibited by different test compounds. The different extracts and fractions of these plants showed remarkable antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that the crude methanolic extract, methanol and ethyl acetate fraction produces remarkable wound healing property due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities by possessing the active compounds such as flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids and saponins.
Keywords |
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| Nerium oleander Linn, Antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing activity | ||||||||||
1. INTRODUCTION |
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| Historically, plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel drug compounds, as plant derived medicines have made large contributions to human health and well being. Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents and natural antioxidants 1, 2. Many of the plant materials used in traditional medicines are readily available in rural areas at relatively cheaper than modern medicines 3. Approximately 80% of the world inhabitants rely on traditional medicine for their primary health care and play an important role in the health care system of the remaining 20% of the population 4. The World Health Organization (WHO) is encouraging, promoting and facilitating the effective use of herbal medicine in developing countries for health programs. It has been proved that various plants extracts possess bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, and most of these plants contain many active compounds. Consequently, they are multipurpose drugs at the same time and have formed the basis of sophisticated traditional medicine system and natural products make excellent leads for new drug development 5-7. In recent years there has been a growing interest to evaluate plants possessing antimicrobial activities for various diseases 8. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an entire class of highly reactive molecules derived from the metabolism of oxygen. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including free radicals such as superoxide anion radicals (O2-), hydroxyl radicals (OH-) non-free radicals such as H2O2, Singlet Oxygen (O2) along with various forms of active oxygen are involved in various physicochemical processes in the body and aging 9. Free radicals are implicated in a large number of chronic degenerative diseases, inflammation, cataract, atherosclerosis, rheumatism, arthritis, ischemia, etc.10. However, they may also cause great damage to cell membranes and DNA, inducing oxidation that causes membrane lipid peroxidation, decreased membrane fluidity, and DNA mutations leading to cancer, degenerative, and other diseases. Antioxidant-based drugs/formulations for the prevention and treatment of complex diseases have appeared during the last 3 decades 11. This has attracted a great deal of research interest in natural antioxidants. A number of studies have been reported dealing with antimicrobial screening of extracts of medicinal plants. Plant derived drugs have become a popular alternative medicine in developing countries. The potential of higher plants as a source of new drugs is still largely unexplored; hence last decade witnessed an increase in the investigation on plants as sources of new biomolecules for human disease management 12. Wound healing is a process by which a damaged tissue is restored as closely as possible to its normal state and wound contraction is the process of shrinkage of area of the wound. It mainly depends on the repairing ability of the tissue, type and extent of damage and general state of the health of the tissue. The granulation tissue of the wound is primarily composed of fibroblast, collagen, edema, and small new blood vessels. Wound infection is one of the most common diseases in developing countries because of poor hygienic conditions 13. Research on wound healing agents is one of the developing areas in modern biomedical sciences and many traditional practitioners across the world particularly in countries like India and China have valuable information of many lesser known hitherto unknown wild plants for treating wounds and burns 14, 15. | ||||||||||
| N. oleander is an important medicinal plant of family Apocynaceae commonly known as Kaner is large glabrous evergreen shrub with milky juice. This plant grows in Mediterranean region up to Iran and India. Leaves are three, shortly stalked, coriaceous, 10-15 cm long, linear lanceolate with dark green colour. Flowers are salver-shaped pink or white scentless without any fragrance 16. From the genus Nerium, a number of derivative inaccessible metabolites have been reported. Triterpines, pregnanes, cardenolides, cardiac glycoside were isolated and characterized. 17. Nerium oleander is an evergreen shrub (or small tree) that grows to approximately 6 m. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental shrub or as an informal hedge in warm-temperate and dry subtropical regions. This plant which is known to contain active cardiac glycosides is used in the treatment of cardiac asthma. It may have positive effects in patients with leimyosarcoma and prostate / breast cancer. It is also used as diuretic, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-parasitic and for neurological disorders and cardiac abnormalities. The present study focused on the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant and wound healing activity of methanolic extract and different fractions of crude methanolic extract of Nerium oleander Linn. | ||||||||||
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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Plant Material |
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| Nerium Oleander Linn leaves were collected from Anandapur, Keonjhar district of Odisha, India. The Leaves were authenticated in the Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Gujarat. The plants were collected in bulk and washed with running tap water to remove, adhering soil and dirt particles and then shade dried. A voucher specimen was deposited at the school of pharmaceutical science, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The dried plant materials were coarsely powered and stored in airtight, non-toxic polyethylene bags until used. | ||||||||||
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Preparation of Extract and Fractions |
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| The powdered leaves of Nerium Oleander Linn was extracted with petroleum ether (60 – 80 ºC) for 72h to de-fat it and then the residue plant materials were macerated using methanol as solvent with constant stirring. The solvent incorporating the extractives were filtered and the marc pressed to squeeze out residual extractives. This process was repeated thrice to achieve complete extraction. The extracts obtained during the three cycles were combined and reduced to 1/8th of its original volume in a rotary evaporator at 45 °C and then lyophilized in a freeze dryer to obtain the yield. The extract was again dissolved in distilled water and then successively extracted by the following solvents with increasing polarities; chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The so obtained different fractions were concentrated dried and preserved for further study. | ||||||||||
| Phytochemical screening give positive tests for alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, Flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, phenolic compounds, protein, and fats. All the extracts of plant leaves were prepared 10% w/v in normal saline consisting of 0.1% propylene glycol. | ||||||||||
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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity |
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Disc Diffusion Method |
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| The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was carried out by disc diffusion test. Antibacterial activity of all the test drugs was carried out by cup-plate method. In this method, cups or discs of standard diameter are made in the nutrient agar medium, containing standard bacterial inoculums. The test compounds were introduced into the discs and the diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured. The test compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against. S. aureus, B. subtilis, (gram-positive), E. coli, P. aeruginosa (gram negative) following agar diffusion method of assay 18, 19. The test organisms were sub-cultured using nutrient agar medium. The tubes containing sterilized medium were inoculated with respective bacterial strain. After incubation at 37±1 0C for 24 hours, they were stored in refrigerator. Thus, stock cultured was maintained. Bacterial inoculum was prepared by transferring a loopful of stock culture to nutrient broth (100ml) in control flask (250ml). The flasks were incubated at 37±10C for 18 hours before the experimentation. Solution of the test compounds were prepared by dissolving 10mg each in 10ml of dimethyl formamide (analytical grade) (1000 mg/ml conc.). A reference standard from grampositive and gram-negative bacteria was made by dissolving accurately weighed quantity of Ampicillin (100 μg/ml) for Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, griseofulvin (20 μg/ml) for antifungal activity respectively in dimethyl formamide separately. Further, dilution was made with dimethyl formamide itself to obtain a solution of 100 mg/ml. 20 . | ||||||||||
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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (Mic) Method |
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| The MIC method was applied on extracts that proved their high efficacy against microorganisms by the disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method. The highest dilution of a plant extract that still retains an inhibitory effect against the growth of a microorganism is known as MIC. The complete protocol of the MIC test is found in the M7-T2 publication of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards 21. Briefly, each selected plant extract was subjected to a serial dilution using sterile nutrient broth medium as a diluent. Each plant extract dilution was inoculated with 20 μl of an individual microorganism present in its log phase. All inoculated dilutions were set at 37°C for 24 h. The highest dilution of the plant extract that retained its inhibitory effect resulting in no growth (absence of turbidity) of a microorganism is recorded as the MIC value of the extract. A control experiment was run in parallel to study the impact of the solvent itself (without plant components) on growth of the nine test organisms. Each solvent (water or methanol) was diluted in a similar pattern with sterile nutrient broth, as indicated above, and inoculation by microorganisms followed by incubation were done similarly. | ||||||||||
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Anti-Oxidant Activity Study of the Extracts |
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| The antioxidant activity of the crude methanolic extract and fractions from N. Oleander Linn was determined by in vitro models. The in vitro methods include Diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, Superoxide free radical (O2), Peroxide radical (H2O2), and Nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging activity with reference to standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. | ||||||||||
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DPPH Free-Radical Scavenging activity |
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| The free radical scavenging activity of the metabolite, based on the scavenging activity of the stable 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was assayed according to the protocol 22. Briefly, different concentrations of the extracts and ascorbic acid were prepared. Various concentration of test solution in 0.1ml was added to 0.9 ml of 0.1 mM solution of DPPH in methanol. Control was 100μl methanol and 100μl DPPH solution. After 30 minute of incubation at room temperature, the reduction in the number of free radical was measured, reading the absorbance at 517nm. Ascorbic acid was used as reference standard. The scavenging activity of the samples corresponded to the intensity of quenching DPPH. Ascorbic acid was used as reference standard. The compounds with antiradical activity changed color as yellow from the purple-blue. | ||||||||||
| Quantitative Determination of the DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity | ||||||||||
| The antioxidant activity of the N.Oleander Linn methanolic extract and different fractions were evaluated spectrophotometrically following the DPPH method. Different concentrations of the extracts and fractions 100, 200 and 500 μg/ml) were prepared and mixed 1 ml of them with 2 ml of a freshly prepared DPPH solution (0.01mM); then, each particular sample was mixed thoroughly and kept in the dark for 30 minutes, at room temperature. After that, each mixture was tested for the DPPH radical scavenging activity by reading the absorbance at 517 nm on a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. As blank was used a solution prepared by mixing 1 ml of methanol with 2 ml of the DPPH solution (0.01mM) and reading at the same wavelength. In addition, to eliminate the absorbance of the crude extracts at this wavelength, blank samples were prepared with 1 ml of each extract and 2 ml of methanol. The antioxidant activity percentage was calculated following the formula: | ||||||||||
| Antioxidant activity (%) = [(AC -AE) /AC] x 100 | ||||||||||
| Where AC is the absorbance of a DPPH solution without extract, AE is the absorbance of the tested extract and fractions, which is equal to the absorbance of the plant extract plus the DPPH (0.01mM) minus the blank extract absorbance 28]. As standard ascorbic acid at different concentration 5-25 μg.ml-1 was used. The EC50 value, defined as the concentration of the sample leading to 50% reduction of the initial DPPH concentration, was calculated from the linear regression of plots of concentration of the test extracts against the mean percentage of the antioxidant activity 23. | ||||||||||
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Superoxide (O2) Free-Radical Scavenging activity |
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| Measurement of superoxide anion (O2) scavenging activity of extracts and fractions was based on the method with slight modification 24. O2- radicals are generated non-enzymatically in Phenazine methosulphate–Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (PMS–NADH) systems by the oxidation of NADH and assayed by the reduction of NBT. In this experiment, the superoxide radicals were generated in 1 mL of Tris- HCl buffer (16 mM, pH 8.0) containing nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) (50 μM) solution and NADH (78 μM) solution. The reaction was started by adding PMS solution (10 μM) to the mixture. The reaction mixture was incubated at 25°C for 5 min, and the absorbance at 560 nm in a spectrophotometer was measured against blank samples. Decreased absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated increased superoxide anion scavenging activity. The percentage inhibition of superoxide anion generation was calculated using the following formula: | ||||||||||
| (%) I = (A0 – A1) / (A0) x 100 | ||||||||||
| Where A0 was the absorbance of the control and A1 was the absorbance of extract and the standard compound. | ||||||||||
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Peroxide free radical (H2O2) scavenging activity |
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| Scavenging of H2O2 by the extract and fractions was determined. One millilitre of C. siamea flower extract solution [prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS)] was incubated with 0.6 ml of 4mM H2O2 solution (prepared in PBS) for 10 min. The absorbance of the solution was measured at 230 nm against a blank solution containing the extract without H2O2. The concentration of H2O2 was spectrophotometrically determined from absorption at 230 nm using the molar absorptivity 25. | ||||||||||
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Nitric Oxide Free Radical (No) Scavenging Activity |
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| Nitric oxide (NO) was generated from sodium nitropruside (SNP) and measured by Greiss reaction 26. SNP in aqueous solution at physiological pH instinctively generates NO, which intermingles with oxygen to generate nitrite ions that can be anticipated by Greiss reagent (1% sulphanilamide, 2% phosphoric acid and 0.1% naphthyl ethylene diamine dihydrochloride). Scavengers of NO with oxygen leading to reduced production of NO. SNP (5 mM) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was mixed with different concentration of (100-500 μg/mL) drug dissolved in suitable solvent and incubated at 25oC for 150 min. The above samples were reacted with Greiss reagent. The absorbance of chromophore created during diazotization of nitrite with sulphanilamide and following coupling with naphthyl ethylene diamine was read at 546 nm and referred to the absorbance of standard solution of potassium nitrite treated in the same way with Greiss reagent 27. | ||||||||||
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Excision Wound Model |
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| An impression was made on the dorsal thoracic region 1cm away from vertebral column and 5cm away from ear using a round seal of 2.5cm diameter on the anaesthetized rat. The skin of impressed area was excised to the full thickness to obtain a wound area of about 300 mm2 diameters. Hemostasis was achieved by blotting the wound with cotton swab soaked in normal saline. Contractions, which contribute for wound closure in the first two weeks, were studied by tracing the wound on a transparency paper initially. Then an impression was taken on a millimeter scale graph paper, scar area after complete epithelization and time for complete epithelization in days was evaluated to calculate the degree of wound healing. The parameters were studied wound closure, epithelization time and scar features. The observation of the percentage wound closure were recorded on 4th , 8th, 12th, and 16th post wounding day and also for epithelization and size and shape of scar area 28 . | ||||||||||
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Incision Wound Model |
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| In the incision model, the rats were anesthetized by anaesthetic ether and two longitudinal paravertebral incisions of 6cm length were made through the skin and cutaneous muscle at a distance of about 1.5cm from the midline on each side of the depilated back. After the incision, the parted skin was sutured 1cm apart using a surgical thread (No. 000) and curved needle (No. 11). The wounds were left undressed. The extracts were given by oral route once a day, till complete healing. The sutures were removed on eighth postwound day. The skin-breaking strength of the 10- day-old wounds was measured by the method of Lee 29, 30. | ||||||||||
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Statistical Data Analysis |
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| Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. All the results were analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. | ||||||||||
3. RESULT |
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| The phytochemical screening (Table. 1) of the different fractions and crude methanolic extact of N.Oleander Linn revealed the presence of glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, terenoids, saponins and reducing sugar. The crude methanolic extracts and fractions of the plant was studied against both gram-negative, grampositive bacteria and fungus related to their zone of inhibition, MIC and MBC. The results of the antimicrobial screening of the methanol extracts and different fractions of N.Oleander Linn was shown in (Tables 2 and 3). The results were recorded as presence or absence of zones of inhibition around the well as well as MIC and MBC. The inhibitory zone around the well indicated the absence of bacterial growth and it was reported as positive and absence of zone as negative. The crude methanolic extracts of leaves of N.Oleander Linn Showed moderate to high antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms except A.niger and C.Albicans. Crude methanolic extract and different fractions were used to assess the in-vitro antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of Plant extract and fractions were determined by different in vitro methods such as, the DPPH free radical scavenging assay and reducing power methods in (Tables 4). All the assays were carried out in triplicate and average values were considered. Antioxidant scavengering activity was studied using 1, 1—diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl free radical. Various concentration of test solution in 0.1ml was added to 0.9 ml of 0.1 mM solution of DPPH in methanol. Methanol only (0.1ml) was used as experimental control. After 30 minutes of incubation at room temperature, the reduction in the number of free radical was measured, Ascorbic acid was used as reference standard. The crude methanolic extract along with methanolic, ethayl acetate and chloroform fractions showed a concentration dependent antiradical activity by scavengering DPPH radical. | ||||||||||
| Crude methanolic extract was found to be more potent compared to other fractions. The observations made in the present study showed that the extract of N.Oleander Linn leaves exhibited good scavengering of H2O2 in the biological system, thus preventing the stress induced by progressive increase in malondialdehyde and other free radicals which cause oxidative damages. All various fractions and crude methanolic extract of these plants were capable of reducing DNA damage comparing to control. The percentage inhibition of nitric oxide generation by different fractions and extracts of N.Oleander Linn leaves at different concentration were compared with standard. All test compounds exhibited potential inhibiting activity against NO generation. Nitric oxide is a potent pleiotropic mediatorof physiological processes. The antioxidant activity of crude methanolic extract of N.Oleander Linn showed highest inhibition of nitric oxide generation which is compared with standard ascorbic acid. The effect of crude methanol extract and different fractions ointment on excision and incision wound model was continued up to 16 days. The results of excision and incision wound study are shown in (Table 5 and 6). From the results, it was observed that the wounds treated with test formulation show increase in tensile strength compared to untreated control group thus promoting wound healing. A significant increase in tensile strength of the indicative of improved collagenation which significantly contributes to better and effective healing. | ||||||||||
4. DISCUSSION |
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| The different parts of the plant such as root, bark and leaves of N.Oleander Linn has been used for thousands of years for its medicinal properties 31. It is rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as glycosides, phytosterols, proteins, saponins and phytosterols. In this connection the present study on the methanolic extract and the different fractions of crude methanolic extract was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of leaves. Phytomedicines can be used for the treatment of diseases as is done in case of Unani and ayurvedic system of medicines, a natural blue print for the development of new drugs 32. The MIC values of those extract and fractions which gave positive results during prelim. screening were determined by Tube Dilution Method. The antimicrobial study was conducted using different micro organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, A. Baumannii, Candida albicans. aspergilus Niger. The extract and fractions of N.Oleander Linn showed the higher zone of inhibition. Though the growth of Staphylococccus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa are controlled by Nerium oleander, it indicates that they could inhibit the activity of bacteria which causes diarrhoea, polymixin and typhoid respectively. Polyphenols, including flavonoids, forms a large group of naturally occurring components of the plant kingdom and are present in every part of the plants. These compounds are of considerable interest in various fields such as food, pharmacy and medicine because of wide range of biological activities including antioxidant activity. The antioxidant efficacy of phenolic compounds is chiefly due to their redox potential. These compounds are known to act as reducing agents (free radical terminators), hydrogen donors, metal chelators and singlet oxygen quenchers. Since it has been shown that phenolic compounds of plant kingdom are one of the most effective antioxidative constituents. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds and consist of flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanone and flavanonols. These compounds represent the majority of plant secondary metabolites and have shown to possess remarkable health promontory effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and others 33. Interception of free radicals or other reactive species is mainly by radical scavenging and is caused by various antioxidants like vitamins C and E, glutathione, other thiol compounds, carotenoids, flavonoids, etc. While at the repair and reconstitution level, mainly repair enzymes are involved 34, 35. In general, peroxyl radicals cause chain reactions in lipids, proteins and DNA. The high reactivity of the representative peroxyl radical shows that the possible mechanism behind the observed protection of these biomolecules by DA may be through scavenging of secondary radicals. The soluble free radical DPPH is well known as a good hydrogen abstractor yielding DPPH-H as by product. Thus, the scavenging of DPPH radicals by phenols are most of the time very effective. All the plant extracts used in this study were primarily screened against the test microorganisms by the Different Methods like Disc diffusion and MIC methods. The relative efficacy of some commonly used antibiotics were compared with plant extract discs. Wound healing is a process by which a damaged tissue is restored as closely as possible to its normal state and wound contraction is the process of shrinkage of area of the wound. Collagen is a major protein of the extracellular matrix and is the component that ultimately contributes to wound strength. | ||||||||||
| Tannins promote the wound healing through several cellular mechanism; chelation of the free radicals and reactive species of oxygen, promoting contraction of the wound and increasing the formation of capillary vessels and fibroblasts and including keratinocyte proliferation , but do not act on the differentiation towards cornified cells 36, 37. The collagen composed of amino acid (hydroxyproline) is the major component of extra cellular tissue, which gives strength and support. Breakdown of collagen liberates free hydroxyproline and its peptides. On the basis of the results finding in the present investigation, it is concluded that the crude methanolic extract of N.Oleander Linn produces highest wound healing activity plant extract and Fractions. The animals treated with crude methanolic extract of plants showed highest wound healing potency treatment was continued upto 16th days. The present studied also showed ethyl acetate fraction and chloroform fraction possesses a good wound healing activity, Further investigations are needed for identification of active principles responsible for the wound healing activity. The present investigation offers a scientific support to the traditional healer account in use of the plants Nerium Oleander Linn. The present study suggests that the antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound healing activity can be enhanced by the use of crude methanolic extracts of N.Oleander Linn. The experimental results indicate that the methanolic extract of N.Oleander Linn produced significant result in woundhealing activity through tropical application. | ||||||||||
5. CONCLUSION |
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| Drugs from plants have a long history in both traditional and modern societies as herbal remedies or crude drugs and as purified compounds. The present study revealed that the selected Plant extract and some fractions of the crude extracts produced antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound healing efficacy with dose dependent manner. The observed activities of leave extract might be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The leaves can be used to prevent oxidative damage caused by free radicals and to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria not to fungus. Further studies with purified constituents are needed to understand the complete mechanism of wound healing activity of the test plants. However, it needs further evaluation in clinical settings before consideration for the treatment of different disorders. | ||||||||||
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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| The research project was supported by University Grant Commission. The authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. Sudam Sci, Dean, SPS and SOA University for providing facilities to conduct work and moral support. | ||||||||||
Tables at a glance |
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Figures at a glance |
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