Translational Biomedicine

Keywords

Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Prevalence

Introduction

Thyroid gland produces, storages and secretes the hormones tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine or T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), after it is stimulated by the thyrotropin (TSH). These hormones regulate functions in different organs and numerous metabolic processes. For example, they participate in nervous system development, have a hyperglycaemic effect, favour lipolysis, increase basal metabolism, amino acid uptake and cardiac contraction [1].

Given the variable signs and symptoms of thyroid function alterations, it is necessary to measure TSH and thyroid hormones in plasma to diagnose these disorders [2]. Based on laboratory results, patients can be classified with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or euthyroid. Hypothyroidism is characterized by a deficiency in thyroid´s hormone secretion, while hyperthyroidism presents an increase in the thyroid gland activity inducing an elevation of T3 and T4 hormones. Both disorders can be classified according to their origin as primary, if the condition is in the thyroid gland, or central, if the defect is in the hypophysis or in the hypothalamus. In addition, patients may suffer from subclinical hypo or hyperthyroidism, where there are no symptoms, but the concentration of TSH is altered [1,2].

Any alteration in the thyroid functions have important implications in human health. Hypothyroidism has been associated with a reduction in bone density, growth retardation, congestive cardiac insufficiency, bradycardia, constipation, body weight gain or myxedema [3]. On the other hand, patients with hyperthyroidism may present emotional fragility, body weight loss, excessive perspiration, diarrhea, trembling, hypocholesterolemia, heat intolerance or menstrual cycle irregularities [1].

It is estimated a world prevalence of thyroid alterations by 5%, more common in women than in men [4]. A study in England showed that 7.5% of women and 2.8% of men had TSH concentrations above 6 μIU/L [5]. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, it was reported that 4.6% of individuals had hypothyroidism, while 1.3% had hyperthyroidism [6]. In the Framingham study, it was observed that 13.6% of women older than 60 years had TSH concentrations above 5 μIU/L [7].

A study from Chile evaluating 472 subjects attending occupational health centers, found that 1% had hypothyroidism, 5.6% subclinical hypothyroidism, and 0.2% hyperthyroidism. It was observed that frequency of thyroid alterations was 2 times greater in women compared to men [8]. A prevalence of hypothyroidism by 0.84% was found in a population from Spain, after evaluating thyroid hormone prescription [9]. It is important to mention that most studies reporting the prevalence of thyroid alterations in Latin America and Spain, were interested in determining the relationship between thyroid disorders and other diseases, especially, psychiatric diseases [10-12].

In Colombia, a study with 807 ambulatory patients from Bogotá city found a prevalence of TSH < 4 μIU/L of 4.95% and in the range of >4 μIU/L and < 10 μIU/L of 24.4%. Although this study showed a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions, most of the population analysed in this study was older than 50 years.

Therefore, these data are not representative of the prevalence of thyroid alterations in the general population of Colombia [13]. In another city of Colombia, Armenia, a crosssectional study evaluating 437 patients reported a prevalence of TSH concentration alterations of 20.6%, from which 18.5% corresponded to hypothyroidism. The average age of patients was 51 years and only four men participated in the study, limiting the degree of generalization to other populations of the country [14].

Despite the importance of alterations in thyroid function and their high frequency in the studied populations, after literature search there were not found publications about the prevalence of these diseases in the city of Medellín-Colombia. Then, the importance of studies aimed to estimate the health care needs and the orientation of public health interventions focused in reducing their morbidity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions in a health care institution from Medellín- Colombia and its distribution by sex and age groups.

Materials and Methods

Type of study

Descriptive and cross-sectional.

Population

5.962 individuals screened with results of TSH, free T3 and/or free T4 from a third-level health care institution of Medellin, of any sex and age, residents from Medellin, and with clinical suspicion of alterations in thyroid function were included. Ninety-six reports with incomplete or illogical information for TSH were excluded.

Data collection

A secondary information source based on clinical laboratory records with patient identification data, age, sex, date of test and test results was used. With those data an excel file was made with the variables registered by the clinical laboratory: age, sex, type of test and its result.

Thyroid profile determination

Measurements of TSH, free T4 and free T3 hormones were done in the automated system ADVIA Centaur CP (SiemensÃ. For the determination of TSH, a third-generation immune assay with a sensibility of 0.008 mIU/L and a linearity limit of 150 mIU/L was used. Free T4 and T3 concentrations were determined using competitive immune assays. The assay for the quantification of free T4 had an analytical sensibility of 0,1 ng/dL and a linearity limit of 12 ng/dL.

For the classification of thyroid alterations, biological reference intervals (BRI) published in the Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease [15]. In addition, an algorithm for the diagnostic interpretation of the thyroid values was used:

1. Subclinical hypothyroidism with elevated TSH and normal T4.

2. Primary hypothyroidism when elevated TSH and reduced T4 were found.

3. Central hyperthyroidism with elevated TSH and elevated T4.

4. Subclinical hyperthyroidism with decreased TSH and normal T3 and T4.

5. Central hypothyroidism with reduced TSH and T3 and T4 decreased, and

6. Primary hyperthyroidism with reduced TSH and increased T3 and T4 [1,2,16].

Control of bias

The clinical laboratory performs internal quality control in the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases; plus, external quality control. In the extraction of data, a pilot test was done for laboratory exams performed in the same month in different days to guarantee reproducibility of data. In the database, a quality control of data was done through a logic verification and by ranges.

Statistical analysis

Variables such as age, sex and age group were described by summary measures and frequency, respectively. The general prevalence of thyroid disorders and specific prevalences according to sex and age group were estimated with their respective confidence intervals of 95%. The association with sex was explored with Chi square test of Pearson (for nominal data); with age group, it was used Chi square of linear tendency (for ordinal data), and with age, the student´s t test was used for independent samples. The magnitude of association was determined with prevalence ratios and their confidence intervals of 95%. Analysis were done in SPSS 24 with significance of 0.05.

Ethical aspects

The Helsinki Declaration criteria and the Resolution 8430 from the Colombian Ministry of Health 1993 were met. The study corresponded to a research without risk. Confidentiality of data was guarantee by excluding personal identification data of patients.

Result

Patients presented an average age of 55.3 ± 20.3 years, the median was 60 years with 50% of central values between 41 and 71 years. The range oscillated between 1 and 100 years. The proportion of children and adolescents was 7.5%, with 2.0% of children between 1 to 10 years (n=21). The largest proportions corresponded to people older than 44 years and women (Table 1).

From the population of 5.962 subjects, 24.5% showed altered TSH values (19.0% with high TSH levels). In 1.069 subjects there was no information about T3 and/or T4; therefore, the prevalence of alterations was estimated in 4.893 patients, from which, 8.0% presented an alteration, being the subclinical hypothyroidism the most prevalent with 5.9% (CI95% = 5.2-6.6) and the central hyperthyroidism and primary hypothyroidism those of lower prevalence (Table 1).

Table 1 Percentage distribution of the studied population according to sex and age group, and prevalence of thyroid disorders.

The prevalence of TSH alterations showed a statistical association with age group and sex. The prevalence of low TSH was statistically lower in the group of people younger than 21 years (children and adolescents) and in men, with prevalence ratios between 3.0 and 5.1. On the other hand, the prevalence of high TSH was statistically higher in children, adolescents and women, with prevalence rations between 1.2 and 2.2 (Table 2).Four cases of central hyperthyroidism (three women and one men), and one case of primary hypothyroidism (one woman) were presented in people older than 64 years.

Table 2: Specific prevalence of TSH alterations according to age group and sex.

In the analyses of subclinical hyper- and hypothyroidism, and primary hyperthyroidism, 417 subjects between 1-20 years were included, 995 between 21-44 years, 1.634 in the group of 45-64 years, 1.842 older than 64 years, 3.515 women and 1.373 men. The prevalence of these three types of alteration did not present association with age group in this population, but there were statistically significant differences with the sex. Thus, the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism was 2.1 times higher in women compared to men; and the primary hyperthyroidism was 3 times greater in women (Table 3).

PR (CI95%): Prevalence ratio with its confidence interval of 95%. a Linear Tendency. b Of Pearson. **P value<0.01.

Table 3: Specific prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and primary hyperthyroidism according to age group and sex.

Discussion

The prevalence of alterations of TSH levels was 24.5%, where 19% of individuals showed a TSH level higher than 4 mIU/L and the 5.5% presented TSH values lower than 0.4 mIU/L. These results are similar to those obtained in a study evaluating 437 people from Armenia city (Colombia), where 18.5% of the population had high TSH levels and 2.1% had reduced [14]. However, a study performed in 807 people from Bogotá city (Colombia) found a prevalence even higher for TSH level alterations, 24.4% of people presented high levels of TSH, while 4.95% presented diminished values of this hormone [13]. In other study done in people with HIV from the same city reported 15.7% of individuals had elevated values of TSH [17]. It is important to note that studies made until now in Colombia show a high prevalence of TSH level alterations compared to other studies done in other countries, where the prevalence of these alterations is about 5%, which reveals their epidemiological and clinical relevance [4-6,8].

The prevalence of TSH alterations showed a statistical association with age group and sex. TSH concentrations were higher in women, which agrees with other studies done in Colombia and other countries [5,8,13]. Nevertheless, it draws attention that TSH levels were ststistically higher in children and adolescents, given that several studies report high TSH levels in individuals older than 50 years [4]. This can be explained by two reasons; first, the hypothalamus-hypophysis axis in children suffers a progressive maturation, lowering the relationship TSH/T4 from the middle of gestation to the end of puberty, consequently, the concentrations of TSH could be higher in children and adolescents [15]. The second reason is that most of studies about prevalence of thyroid diseases are done in adult population, in fact, in some investigations only individuals over the age of 18 years are included [13].

The prevalence of alterations in TSH levels reported by this study and other studies done in Colombia, could be attributed to the selected population. For example, a population with clinical suspicion of thyroid alterations was included, which hampers the generalization of these results to asymptomatic or healthy populations [13,14,17]. Hence, the need of studies where the bias in the selection of individuals is avoided, allowing to establish the prevalence of alterations in the thyroid profile in the general population of the city of Medellin-Colombia.

In addition of TSH measurement in ambulatory patients, an approximation of the type of thyroid alteration can be done by evaluating the plasma concentration of total or free T4 hormones and, depending on the cases, also T3. If TSH concentration is superior to 4 mIU/L, it is important to measure T4; whereas, if TSH concentration is lower than 0.4 mIU/L, the concentration of T3 and T4 should be assessed. The determination of T3 is of interest only to evaluate cases of hyperthyroidism [1,16].

Conclusion

In this study, a prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism of 5.9% was observed in this population. This agrees with other studies from Latin America and The United States [4,8]. It has been reported the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is higher in women and it increases with aging [4]. However, no statistically significant differences were found according to sex and the age group in this study. Nevertheless, other researchers from Chile and Spain have reported similar results regarding the age group variable [8,18].

The informed prevalence’s for the other alterations in thyroid profile were similar to the reported by other studies around the world [6,19,20]. In the case of subclinical hyperthyroidism, a prevalence of 1.3% was found, being 2,1 times more prevalent in women than in men. This prevalence was higher than the reported by the NHANES III study from The United States (0.7%) [6]. A compilation of prevalence studies conducted in Europe found a proportion of subclinical hyperthyroidism of 2.91%, which is greater than the corresponding results reported in this study [20].

In addition, a Primary Health Care study (PHC) that analysed 340 blood samples identified 2.1% of subclinical hyperthyroidism and 10.3% of subclinical hypothyroidism being significantly higher in elderly population. Specifically, subclinical hyperthyroidism is associated with fracture, and other observational studies have shown the simultaneous occurrence of thyroid disorders and heart problems [21-23].

To confirm the ethology of these thyroid diseases, it is necessary to evaluate other laboratory exams, such as the detection of auto-antibodies and the stimulation with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Similarly, the prevalence of these alterations might vary depending on iodine ingestion; in fact, the frequency of hypothyroidism increases in areas with iodine deficiency [1,4]. Until now, there are no studies evaluating auto-antibodies, nor the iodine ingestion in the population of Medellin-Colombia.

There are some limitations for this study, the temporal bias of the cross-over studies, the limitations of the repositories of the health information systems in Colombia that do not allow exploration of associations by other relevant clinical variables that are not generally included in the records of the health institutions. In addition, the fragmentation of the clinical laboratory information and other sections of the patient´s clinical chart, which prevented the collection of other variables related with underlying ethology as aspects auto-immune, Iodine deficiency, drug consumption and genetic background.

In conclusion, the studied population has a high prevalence of TSH level alterations, where 19% presented an increase in the levels of this hormone, being more prevalent in women than in men. These results evidence thyroid dysfunction in this population, hence it is suggested the creation of strategies from the assistance area for the control and monitoring of these alterations. Additionally, there is a need for population studies to determine whether the high prevalence of these alterations observed in ambulatory or institutionalized patients, or those with clinical suspicion or with access to health services, is also present in the general population.

Acknowledgement

To the Laboratory of Teaching, Clinical and Research of the School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, for the contribution of the data.

References

1. Gónzalez A, Alegre E, Monreal I, Mugueta C, Restituto P, et al. (2014) Hormonas tiroideas En: González A. Principios de Bioquímica y Patología Molecular (2nd edn). Barcelona: Elsevier.
2. Mayayo E, Ferrández A, Labarta JI (2002) Interpretación de las pruebas tiroideas. An Esp Pediatr 56: 42-52.
3. Gómez G, Ruiz R, Sánchez V, Segovia A, Mendoza C, et al. (2010) Hipotiroidismo. Med Int Mex 26: 462-471.
4. Vanderpump MP (2011) The epidemiology of thyroid disease. Br Med Bull 99: 39-51.
5. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, et al. (1977) The spectrumof thyroid disease in a community: The Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 7: 481-493.
6. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, et al. (2002) Serum TSH, T4 and Thyroidantibodies in the United States population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 489-499.
7. Sawin CT, Castelli WP, Hershman JM, Mc Namara P, Bacharach P (1985) The aging thyroid: Thyroid deficiency in the Framingham study. Arch Intern Med 145: 1386-1388.
8. Fardella C, Poggi H, Gloger S, Rojas A, Velasquez CG, et al. (2001) Alta prevalencia de enfermedad tiroidea subclínica en sujetos que concurren a control de salud. Rev Med Chil 129: 155-160.
9. Serna AMC, Galván SL, Gascó EE, Manrique MM, Foix OMM, et al. (2003) Estimate of hypothyroidism prevalence in Lleida, Spain, based on thyroid hormone prescription. Rev Esp Salud Publica 77: 405-410.
10. Gerson R, Serrano A, Álvarez I, Villalobos A (2002) Frecuencia de alteraciones tiroideas en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Rev Med Hosp Gen Mex 65: 63-67.
11. Lorenzo GT, Cardelle PF, Liñero DLHE (2010) The high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in psychiatric inpatients. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment 3: 23-26.
12. Valdivieso FS, Kripper C, Ivelic JA, Fardella C, Gloger S, et al. (2006) Alta prevalencia de disfunción tiroidea en pacientes psiquiátricos hospitalizados. Rev Med Chil 134: 623-628.
13. Builes CA, Rosero BO, García J (2006) TSH levels in the evaluation of thryroid disfunction in a population group in Bogota. Acta Med Colomb 31: 66-70. 
14. Londoño AL, Gallego ML, Bayona A, Landázuri P (2011) Prevalencia de hipotiroidismo y relación con niveles elevados de anticuerpos antiperoxidasa y yoduria en población de 35 y más años en Armenia. Rev salud pública 13: 998-1009.
15. Demers LM, Spencer CA (2002) Laboratory medicine practice guidelines: Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Washington, DC: National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry 2: 1.
16. Unanua MP, Pascual CM, González YM, Begué MR, Inclán NO (2008) Manejo de la patología tiroidea en Atención Primaria I: Cribado de patología tiroidea. Hipotiroidismo. SEMERGEN-Medicina de Familia 34: 450-454.
17. Gómez QCH, Vesga GJF, Lowenstein DME, Suárez RJO, Gil LFA, et al. (2011) Detección de hipotiroidismo en un programa de atención de VIH/SIDA en un hospital de Bogotá, Colombia. Rev Chilena Infectol 28: 59-63.
18. Mariscal HAI, Lozano AJE, Vega AT (2015) Hipotiroidismo subclínico en una muestra oportunista de la población de Castilla y León. Gac Sanit 29: 105-111.
19. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC (2008) The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 160: 526-534.
20. Garmendia MA, Santos PS, Guillén GF, Galofré JC (2014) The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: A meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 923-931.
21. Eidan E, Rahman S, Qahtani S, Farhan A, Abdulmajeed I (2018) Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in adults visiting primary health-care setting in Riyadh. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 8: 11-15.
22. Siru R, Alfonso H, Chubb S, Golledge J, Flicker L, et al. (2018) Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and circulating thyroid hormones are not associated with bone turnover markers or incident hip fracture in older men. Clin Endocrinol 89: 93-99.
23. Dischinger U, Fassnacht M (2018) Thyroid gland and the heart: Pathophysiological background, diagnostic and therapeutic consequences. Internist (Berl) 59: 1-6 .